India has formally notified Pakistan about the need to review the Indus Water Treaty (IWT), citing significant changes in circumstances since the treaty’s establishment in 1960. The notification, issued on August 30, 2024, references Article XII(3) of the treaty, which permits a reassessment of obligations when unforeseen conditions arise. India’s reasons for pushing the review include demographic shifts, environmental concerns, and the increasing need for clean energy development.
The Indus Water Treaty: Background
The Indus Water Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, followed nine years of negotiations, with the World Bank playing a mediating role. The treaty provides a framework for the cooperative sharing of water resources from rivers like the Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum. Over the years, it has become a symbol of successful cooperation in water management between the two nations, even during periods of tension.
Why India Seeks a Review
India’s request for a review stems from several key factors:
- Demographic Shifts: Population growth has increased water demand in both nations, making water management more critical than ever.
- Environmental Concerns: Climate change has altered water availability, raising questions about how both countries manage shared resources.
- Clean Energy Needs: India’s plans to build hydroelectric projects, such as the Kishanganga and Ratle dams, to meet its clean energy targets have led to disputes with Pakistan over water flow management and project designs.
Security Concerns and Cross-Border Tensions
India has also highlighted ongoing security threats, particularly cross-border terrorism, as another justification for reassessing its commitments under the treaty. Persistent security risks have forced India to reconsider its water-sharing obligations with Pakistan.
Disputes Over Hydroelectric Projects
The Kishanganga and Ratle hydro projects remain contentious between India and Pakistan. While India views these projects as essential for its energy needs, Pakistan has raised concerns about their potential impact on water availability downstream.
World Bank’s Involvement
In an effort to resolve disputes, the World Bank activated both a neutral expert mechanism and the Court of Arbitration. However, India has expressed dissatisfaction with this process, arguing that the simultaneous use of both mechanisms violates the terms of the treaty.
India’s Call for Negotiations
India has urged Pakistan to enter into direct government-to-government negotiations to resolve disputes and review the treaty under the provisions of Article XII(3). India has also suggested a reconsideration of the dispute-resolution process, citing the need for a more effective mechanism.
Conclusion
India’s notification to Pakistan marks a critical juncture in the history of the Indus Water Treaty. With changing environmental, demographic, and security conditions, India believes that a review of the treaty is necessary to address modern-day realities. As both nations continue to engage in negotiations, the future of water-sharing in the region remains uncertain, but the dialogue underscores the importance of cooperation in the face of evolving challenges.
